Objective To grasp relationship between the tick species distribution and the distinctive landscape through a survey on ticks from different environments in Xinjiang. Methods Ticks were collected in 10 counties and cities throughout Xinjiang, including Hoxud county and Yuli county in southern Xinjiang and Bole, Habahe, Buerjin, Fuyun, Huocheng,Manas, Wusu and Urumqi in northern Xinjiang between April and June from 2011 to 2015. Free-living ticks were captured by drag-flag and men-bait trap, ticks parasiting in animals were collected from body surface of domestic animals. All ticks were identified morphologically. Results A total of 8 667 ticks belonging to 13 species of 5 genera, were collected from 14 sites of 10 counties in Xinjiang. Ixodes persulcatus and Rhipicephalus turanicus were the predominant species accounting for 20.08% and 19.75% respectively, followed by Dermacentor marginatus and D. silvarum accounting for 17.76% and 16.45% respectively. Hyalomma scupense, Haemaphysalis sculcata, H. punctate and Rhipicephalus rossicus were rare species accounting altogether for 0.40%. Ticks were distributed in Tianshan Mountain and Yili Tianshan valley region, Altai Mountain, Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin. The predominant species was Rh. turanicus (99.68%)in desert steppe of Tianshan Mountain, I. persulcatus (88.28%) was the predominant in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, Ha. concinna(82.42%) in broad-leaved forest of Yili Tianshan valley. Dermacentor niveus (82.64%) in sub desert zone, D. marginatus(100%) in upland meadow, and D. silvarum (55.56%) and D. marginatus (44.44%) in upland steppe of Altai Mountain. Rhipicephalus turanicus (52.44%) and Hy. asiaticum asiaticum (44.07%) were the predominant species in arid land of Junggar Basin; Rhipicephalus (84.76%) in desert steppe and farmland in Tarim Basin, and Hy. asiaticum asiaticum was the only species found in diversifolia in Tarim River. Conclusion It was showed that different predominant species were found distinctively in 4 landscape regionalizations through studying the number of the tick species and the distributional environment type, and the species of tick and tick-borne diseases were determined by the landscape structure in Xinjiang.

Objective To better understand the changes of mosquito biodiversity patterns along latitude gradient in arid wetlands of north of Xinjiang, and explain the correlation between species abundance and environment through redundancy analysis(RDA). Methods Mosquitoes were collected from 5 arid wetlands with CO₂ light-trap, and α biodiversity index, β biodiversity index were estimated with consideration of latitude increase, and relation between species abundance and environment was analyzed by RDA ordination. Results A total 20 731 mosquitoes of 16 species in 5 genera were collected in subject area, and Aedes vexans which accounted for 55.98% of total captured was the predominant species in arid wetlands of north Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The indices of 5 wetlands, from south to north, were 8, 11, 5, 9, 8 for richness, 1.23, 1.11, 0.24, 0.57, 0.35 for Shannon-Weiner index, and 0.59, 0.46, 0.15, 0.26, 0.17 for Pielou index, respectively. And the Cody index was 5.5, 4.0, 2.0, 2.5, between two wetlands neighbored respectively. And eigenvalues were 0.510, 0.256, 0.142, 0.078, species-environment correlations were 0.999, 0.999, 0.995, 0.996, for 4 axes respectively, and Monte Carlo permutation tests were significant statistically for each axis(P<0.01. Conclusion Aedes vexans was the predominant species in arid wetlands of north frontier of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Both α biodiversity index and β biodiversity index showed overall decline with increasing latitude, and no obvious change was observed through γ biodiversity analysis. Precipitation had the most significant impact on abundance, followed by temperature and light hours. And comprehensive effect of meteorological variables contributed to the pattern of species abundance in 5 wetlands in north of Xinjiang.

Objective To determine the niche breadth, overlap, and inter-species correlations of mosquito species in five arid wetlands in North Xinjiang using ecological niche theory and relevant methods. Methods Mosquitoes were captured with carbon dioxide-baited light traps and were then classified and counted. Niche breadth and overlap were estimated with Shannon-Wiener's and Pianka's formulae, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed with a matrix of the constituent ratio of individual species, and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was performed with the population size of each mosquito species in different wetland habitats. Results A total of 20 731 mosquitoes, belonging to 16 species in 5 genera, were captured in the five arid wetlands in North Xinjiang. Of these, Aedes dorsalis had the greatest niche breadth (0.8326), followed by Ae. vexans (0.6350), Ae. caspius (0.5954), and Anopheles messeae (0.5558). Regarding niche overlap index, there were 26 species (20.31%) with log-transformed values above 0.90 and 85 species (70.83%) with log-transformed values above 0.50. The five wetland habitats were classified into two major ecotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis. DCA ordination diagram showed the longest distance of Ae. sinkiangensis and Mansonia richiardii from other species among the mosquitoes tested. Conclusion The dominant mosquito species does not always has the greatest niche breadth. Similar mosquito population structure exists in the wetlands of Buergen River, the lower reach of Ertix River, and the lower reach of Yili River, as well as in the wetlands of Ebinur Lake and the estuary of Emin River. Species distribution of mosquitoes and their correlations with wetland habitats can be directly reflected by DCA ordination.

Objective To determine the niche breadth, overlap, and inter-species correlations of mosquito species in five arid wetlands in North Xinjiang using ecological niche theory and relevant methods. Methods Mosquitoes were captured with carbon dioxide-baited light traps and were then classified and counted. Niche breadth and overlap were estimated with Shannon?Wiener’s and Pianka’s formulae, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed with a matrix of the constituent ratio of individual species, and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was performed with the population size of each mosquito species in different wetland habitats. Results A total of 20 731 mosquitoes, belonging to 16 species in 5 genera, were captured in the five arid wetlands in North Xinjiang. Of these, Aedes dorsalis had the greatest niche breadth (0.8326), followed by Ae. vexans (0.6350), Ae. caspius (0.5954), and Anopheles messeae (0.5558). Regarding niche overlap index, there were 26 species (20.31%) with log?transformed values above 0.90 and 85 species (70.83%) with log-transformed values above 0.50. The five wetland habitats were classified into two major ecotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis. DCA ordination diagram showed the longest distance of Ae. sinkiangensis and Mansonia richiardii from other species among the mosquitoes tested. Conclusion The dominant mosquito species does not always has the greatest niche breadth. Similar mosquito population structure exists in the wetlands of Buergen River, the lower reach of Ertix River, and the lower reach of Yili River, as well as in the wetlands of Ebinur Lake and the estuary of Emin River. Species distribution of mosquitoes and their correlations with wetland habitats can be directly reflected by DCA ordination.

Objective To investigate the mosquito species composition and activity rhythm in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border and their relationship with the habitat. Methods The species, density, seasonal rhythm, and circadian rhythm of mosquitoes in different habitats were investigated by human?baited net traps. Biting cycles were determined through biting indices. Results Eight species of four genera of mosquitoes were found in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border. Aedes vexans was the predominant species, with a proportion between 82.22% and 96.09% among all captured mosquitoes in different habitats. The seasonal activity of Ae. vexans started in mid?April, ended in early September, and reached the peak between mid?June and late July. The circadian rhythm of activity was in a double?peak pattern, with the morning peak appearing at 1-2 h after sunrise and the evening peak at 1 h after sunset; the evening peak was higher than the morning peak. The biting circadian rhythm was dawn type; biting activity started around sunset and ended after sunrise. The biting circadian rhythm was also double?peaked; the morning peak appeared at 1 h before sunrise, and the evening peak appeared at 1 h after sunset. The species diversity index ranged from 0.1912 to 0.7227, indicating that mosquito species were not abundant in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border. The habitat had significant impacts on the species distribution and number of mosquitoes. The numbers of Ae. vexans, Anopheles messeae, and Culex modestus in riparian forest were significantly higher than those in saline regions. Biting of Ae. vexans was the severest in riparian forest. However, seasonal activity, circadian activity, and biting cycle were similar for Ae. vexans in different habitats. Conclusion The habitat has a significant impact on the population size of Ae. vexans. In integrated prevention and control of Ae. vexans, special focus should be placed on microhabitats where mosquitoes propagate.

Objective To study the effects of film mulching on Oncomelania hupensis and its eggs in soil. Methods The damp ridges with O. hupensis snails were selected and divided into niclosamide/film mulching group (sprayed with 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt at 2 g/m2 and covered with mulch), film mulching group (covered with mulch without niclosamide spraying), and control group (not treated by molluscicidal measures). Snail investigation was conducted in different soil layers (0, 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm) at 40 d after niclosamide spraying plus film mulching and at 90 d after film mulching alone. Results At 40 d and 90 d after film mulching, the snail distribution in soil changed, increasing by degrees from soil surface to the deep layer of soil (R2＝0.9877; R2＝0.7619); compared with those of control group, the mortality of snails in soil was significantly higher (χ2＝281.198, P＜0.001; χ2＝47.970, P＜0.001), the average density of living snails was significantly decreased (Z＝-6.390, P＜0.001; Z＝-4.681, P＜0.001), and the number of young snails was lower (Z＝-6.733, P＜0.001; Z＝-5.131, P＜0.001). Conclusion Film mulching is effective in killing snails in soil and can control the reproduction and breeding of the second generation of snails.

Objective To investigate the major tick species, their distribution, and the natural infection rate of tick-borne pathogens in Hoxud county of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods Tick samples were collected by flagging method and ectoparasites check, followed by detection of pathogens with PCR. Results A total of 367 ticks belonging to 4 species, 3 genera of the Ixodidae family were collected from six places in this region. Hyalomma asiaticum accounted for 47.41% of the samples (174/367), and Rhipicephalus pumilio 37.60% (138/367). Hence these two are the prodominant species in this area. The specific DNA sequences of 3 kinds of tick-borne pathogens were then detected using PCR amplification. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the sequences share high homology with the sequences of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) in GenBank databases. Among the tick samples, 18 ticks were detected with Lyme disease borrelia, with a positive rate of 4.90%; four ticks were with A. phagocytophilum, with positive rate of 1.09%. Eleven ticks were positive with SFGR accounting for 3.00% of the samples. Conclusion The natural infection pathogens of Lyme disease, Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and spotted fever were detected in ticks from Hoxud county.

Objective To investigate the population composition and distribution of ticks as well as the natural infection pathogens of Lyme disease, Q fever, babesiosis, spotted fever, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods Ticks were collected with white cloth or from the body surfaces of host animals. Pathogen detection was performed by PCR. Results A total of 519 ticks (3 species, 2 genera) were identified, including Rhipicephalus pumilio, Rhipicephalus turanicus, and Hyalomma asiaticum; R. pumilio was the predominant species, accounting for 88.25% of all captured ticks. Only two pathogens of tick-borne diseases, spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma, were detected from R. pumilio, with detection rates of 6.27% and 3.53%, respectively. Conclusion Variable natural infection with spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma occurs among the ticks in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.

The calculation procedure of KT₅₀ of pesticides was conducted with SPSS 15.0, with a full explanation of the main outputs and detailed discussion of the issues that needs to be taken seriously in designing the experiment and processing the data.

Objective To identify dead birds infected with bird flu virus in Macao and monitor for potential outbreaks of Avian Influenza, providing the basis for development of Avian Influenza prevention and control in this region. Methods Throat and anal swabs of dead birds in Macao were collected from November 2005 to December 2006 for detection of bird flu using the real-time fluorescent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic kit for H5 subtype Avian Influenza virus. Results Of the 866 dead birds picked up in Macao, 296 birds were identified as belonging to 61 species, 28 families, and 11 orders. Resident birds, winter birds and summer birds accounted for 59.3% , 18.5% and 5.6% of the total species number, respectively; travelers, vagrant birds, together with other migratory birds amounted to about 16.7%. Wetland birds accounted for 25.9% , and forest birds for 74.1% . Despite varying number of dead birds found among each month, the difference was not statistically significant (F_13，28＝0.598，P＝0.825). Furthermore, all the dead birds were negative for detection of bird flu virus. Conclusion None of the dead birds detected in Macao from November 2005 to December 2006 died from infections of the highly pathogenic H5 subtype Avian Influenza virus. Their death was likely natural.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the knockdown efficacy of mosquito?net treated by pesticides on mosquito in Beiwan. Methods The net treated by BASF® pesticide, the net treated by BASF® pesticide after washing twenty times and the net treated by FendonaTM recommended by WHO were used in treated area, and common military nets were selected in the control areas. Aedes vexans, the dominant species in Beiwan, was collected by mosquito aspirators and released into nets. The first knockdown time, medium knockdown time and total knockdown time were recorded, and then compare the knockdown time of 4 kinds of mosquito?net. Results For the knockdown efficacy to mosquito, the order was net treated by BASF® pesticide＞net treated by BASF® pesticide after washing twenty times＞net treated by FendonaTM recommended by WHO. The first knockdown time for three kinds of mosquito net  was  all  within 7 min, and there was no significant difference among them (F＝2.375, P＝0.174).  Medium knockdown time was 17 min, and there was significant difference between net treated by BASF® pesticide and  net treated by BASF® pesticide after washing twenty times (P＝0.036). All the mosquito would be knocked down within 27 min for net treated by BASF® pesticide and net treated by BASF® pesticide after washing twenty times and 54 min for net treated by FendonaTM. There was significant difference among them (P＜0.001). Conclusion The knockdown efficacy of net treated by pesticides could be better than non?treated net in Beiwan.

【Abstract】 Objective The species of rodents was investigated along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in representative areas where Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) might be distributed in Tibetan Autonomous Region. Methods Rodents were trapped by snap trap, live trap and glue boards in different habitats in Lhasa, Nagqu and Nyingchi. The rodents captured were identified, then the densities and population constitutes of them were calculated. Results A total of 126 rodents were captured with 1817 snap traps. R.norvegicus did not be captured in the areas investigated. R.tanezumi was the dominant specie in Lhasa and Nyingchi, accounting for 84.1% and 70.0% respectively, while Mus musculus in Nagqu accounted for 98.1%. Conclusion The dominant species of rodents are R.tanezumi and M.musculus in the residential areas investigated, and no R.norvegicus was found.

Objective To study the seasonal abundance of Simulium maculatum at Beiwan region. Methods Using bed-curtain to collect S.maculatum in 3 kinds of surroundings every ten days from April to the time that S.maculatum disappeared. Collecting 6 times a day to investigate the density, and the trapping time was an hour before sunrise, an hour after sunrise, 12 o’clock, 16 o’clock, an hour before sunset and an hour after sunset. Results The density of S.maculatum was tied up with the varieties of surrounding. It’s highest in artificial forest(51.54%), lower in arid salina(37.18%), the lowest in forest with thick weed(11.28%). S.maculatum appears from the middle ten-day of April to the first ten-day of August, and the peak is in the last ten-day of June. The seasonal abundance was similar in different surroundings. Conclusion The density of S.maculatum was very high and its damage was also vary serious in June, especially in artificial forest of Beiwan region.

Objective To control mosquitoes during outbreak of mosquito-borne disease and disaster, 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ultra low volume(ULV) system was designed and developed. Methods 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system contains three parts: motorcycle, ULV sprayer and control system. The evaluation experiment were conducted at the peak of mosquito population at the dusk and mosquitoes were collected by man-bait bednet trap. The results were showed by the decrease rates of mosquito population. Results It showed that the 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system has characteristics of mechanistic stability, high efficiency and easy operation. After 1% rich-d-cyphenothrin spray(5.25 L/hm ²), density of mosquitoes were decreased by 84%-96%, while the dose was added to 6.75 L/hm ², the density was decreased by 100%. Conclusion 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system is suitable to vector control at outbreak of mosquito-borne disease and disaster.

Objective To study dynamic of flea community structures and distribution in defferent hosts and environments.Methods After anaesthesia,bodies fleas,cave fleas and nest fleas of uild rodonts were identificated.Results There are recorded fleas of 6 families,21 genera,43 species in focus of Jilin,fleas of 4 families,9 genera and fourteen species were found in this investigation from different environments,sites and hosts.Dominant species are Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris and common species is Neopsylla bidentatiformis.Conclusion Mastered parasitic forms of fleas community in different landscapes,seasonal fluctuation and distributions in space.

Objective To study the season variety of mosquito at Beiwan region of the lower reach of the river Erqis,Xinjiang. Methods Using human-baited bed net method to collect mosquitoes in different habitats six times a day and once every ten days from April to September. Results The density of mosquitoes in the wood out of the camp court was the highest and that in the woods in the camp court and the desert out of the camp court was lower. Aedes vexans(90.18%-96.83%) was the dominant species in all the habitats. The amount of Aedes caspius(9.78%) in the desert was more than the other two habitats. The mosquitoes came to appear in the middle ten days of April and disappeared in the first ten days of September. The active peak was from June to July for mosquitoes at Beiwan. The curves of season distribution were different in distinct habitats for different species. Conclusion The density of mosquitoes was fairly high in all the three habitats,especially in the heavy wood and grass. The harm of mosquitoes was very serious from June to July at Beiwan region.

Objective The paper aims to analyze the correlation among the biting cycles,the population quantity and the meteorological factors,based on the population density,the biting indexes and the meteorological data during 24 h at Beiwan frontiers in July 2004.Methods Investigating the biting indexes,the population density and meteorological factors:temperature,humidity and sunlight once per 1 h at day and night.Utilizing the correlation analysis and multiple regression model of SPSS 12.0.Results The population quantity showed negative correlation to temperature and sunlight,but showed positive correlation to humidity.The biting indexes had negative correlation to temperature and sunlight,but had positive correlation to humidity and population quantity.According to enter and stepwise regression methods,temperature x ₁,humidity x ₂,sunlight x ₃,and population density( x ₄) as the independent variables,biting indexes as dependent variable,regression equation were established,(1) y=-96.260+3.220 x1+0.544 x2+0.344 x ₄),Multiple r=0.944,(2) y=5.717+0.333 x ₄,Multiple( r=0.934.Significant test indicated the correlation were all significant.Conclusion The population activity and biting activity of Aedes vexans were associated with meteorological factors.The biting cycles significant related to population quantity.

The geographical distribution and medical importance of Dermacentor niveus Neumann, 1897 in Ali prefecture of Tibet were described in this paper. This specie has been found in the four counties: Pulan, Guor, Ritu and Geji. It has been demonstrated that there was the natural foci of Tularemia in the three counties: Pulan, Guor and Ritu of Ali.